The blue bar is a dutch citizen, he is the benchmark representing 1, the other bars are immigrants, so in the first graph moroccans are 5.7 more likely to be a suspect etcetera.
The categories from left to right are:
Suspect Alleged criminal Referral to court Convicted Inmates
The color bars are:
Blue = Dutch Yellow = Suriname, former colony(blacks) Orange = moroccans Dark blue = Turks Grey = Dutch Caribbean islands(blacks) Green = non Western immigrant
The association between county-level IQ and county-level crime rates
>Analysis of data drawn from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health revealed statistically significant and negative associations between county-level IQ and the property crime rate, the burglary rate, the larceny rate, the motor vehicle theft rate, the violent crime rate, the robbery rate, and the aggravated assault rate. Additional analyses revealed that these associations were not confounded by a measure of concentrated disadvantage that captures the effects of race, poverty, and other social disadvantages of the county.
Additional analyses revealed that these associations were not confounded by a measure of concentrated disadvantage that captures the effects of race, poverty, and other social disadvantages of the county.
>Additional analyses revealed that these associations were not confounded by a measure of concentrated disadvantage that captures the effects of race, poverty, and other social disadvantages of the county.
>Evidence is accumulating that brain structure is under considerable genetic influence. Around the onset of puberty gray matter volume starts to decrease, while white matter volume is still increasing. Recent findings have shown, that variation in total gray and white matter volume of the adult human brain is primarily (70--90%) genetically determined. Recent findings have shown, that variation in total gray and white matter volume of the adult human brain is primarily (70--90%) genetically determined.
>Recent findings have shown, that variation in total gray and white matter volume of the adult human brain is primarily (70--90%) genetically determined.
Jeremiah Rivera
sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0304394004010493 archive.is/XMubl >The tau H2 haplotype is almost exclusively Caucasian in origin >This analysis shows that the H2 haplotype is probably exclusively Caucasian in origin and its marginal occurrence in other racial groups is likely to reflect admixture.
sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0090825812006981 archive.is/qe4yq >Analysis of common variations in tumor-suppressor genes on chr1p36 among Caucasian women with endometriosis Conclusions >In this Caucasian population, endometriosis seems to be associated with the tumor-suppressor gene CHD5. Our findings support recent data, suggesting that the 1p36 region plays an important role in endometrios.
sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1443950611012546 archive.is/S0nZR Conclusions >NT-proBNP levels were higher in Africans than Caucasians, independently of BMI and gender. This difference was partly driven by higher SBP and lower arterial compliance in Africans. NT-proBNP was persistently associated with SBP and PP in Africans, but not in Caucasians. These associations may suggest early vascular changes contributing to cardiac alterations in Africans.
sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/02/130223111515.htm archive.is/Lo1QE >Race linked to childhood food allergies, not environmental allergies Key findings: >20.1 percent of African-American children were sensitized to an food allergen compared to 6.4 percent in Caucasian children. >African-American children were sensitized to at least one food allergen three times more often than Caucasian children. >13.9 percent of African-American children were sensitized to an environmental allergen compared to 11 percent of Caucasian children.
Joseph Evans
You know, there are a few statistics Jow Forums never shows. Like commit most crimes, or how christians love to rape children or how many people whites kill as war crimes. Funny how Jow Forums rightwing brainlets only ever focus on the things that back up their claims. Almost like you've made up your mind, then look for the data that reinforces your beliefs...
Nicholas Lewis
what's preventing YOU from posting these "hidden" figures?
please sir, I'm begging you to post them
Adrian Watson
the data sir, please now is your opportunity to shine
Andrew Anderson
*like how males commit most crimes
They're widely available.
Sebastian Lopez
[citation needed]
Juan Watson
No one doubts males commit most crimes. In fact, I'll explain it: testosterone. Now explain why niggers have a high crime rate no matter what part of the world they're in.
Adrian James
>y'all whyte bois be rapists and mass murdin' motherfuckas who dodgin da mothafuckin troof >y'all be bias n reinforcemen and shit on this raci$ ass site >watcha want me to post it fur ..nah there you have it folks although he complained that we censor the truth yet claim "it's readily available" to prove a bunch of genocidal Nazis™.. he refuses to finally expose the genocidal Nazis with one post.
Zachary Ramirez
>testosterone in black males is higher that's a lie. white males on average have higher free testosterone levels than blacks. I'll find the source but for now.. this why is blacks are *genetically* predisposed to violence and low impulse control.. it's an allele pattern EXCLUSIVE to blacks
sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0191886912004047 archive.is/TcbxQ Exploring the association between the 2-repeat allele of the MAOA gene promoter polymorphism and psychopathic personality traits, arrests, incarceration, and lifetime antisocial behavior The 2R was related to arrest, incarceration, and lifetime antisocial behavior.
>These associations were only observable for African-American males. >Only 0.1% of Caucasian males carried the 2-repeat allele.
sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301051118305787 archive.is/4eOxb >MAOA genotype modulates default mode network deactivation during inhibitory control >It has been demonstrated, in a long line of research, that the low-activity genotype of the monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) gene is associated with aggression. archive.is/0CEMs >The 2-Repeat Allele of the MAOA Gene Confers an Increased Risk for Shooting and Stabbing Behaviors
Angel Watson
Never come here again. stay the fuck on WSHH
Jaxon Mitchell
Besides that you have no source, it's a straw man argument. You can't say "oh this group is better because the are less rapey" Your post is insane
I'm phone posting and don't have all the sources. Testosterone levels is not determined by race but by your environment (ie effort required) which can be increased through exercise. Additionally having elevated T levels especially DHT is proven to cause prostate cancer. DHT is known to have some racial connection which explains why black males have higher rates of prostate cancer.
>The Durham University-led study suggests that men who grow up in more challenging conditions where there are lots of infectious diseases, for example, are likely to have lower testosterone levels in later life than those who spend their childhood in healthier environments.
>As high testosterone levels potentially lead to an increased risk of prostate enlargement and cancer, the researchers suggest that any screening for risk profiles may need to take a man's childhood environment into account.
>Conclusions: Because there are no racial/ethnic differences in testosterone levels, normative ranges need not be adjusted by race/ethnicity for androgen deficiency diagnosis for men aged 30–79 yr.
Ayden Scott
I've got more, much more
Lucas Hall
sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167527312007498 archive.is/XP07x Conclusion >Despite similar conventional risk factors for CAD, symptomatic South Asians seem to have more aggressive and diffuse arterial calcification compared to Caucasians. These differences are more profound above the age of 50, suggesting potential genetic or other risk factors yet to be determined.
• We compared HDL function between South Asians and white Caucasians.
• Anti-oxidative capacity was impaired in South Asian adult subjects.
• Anti-inflammatory capacity was reduced in South Asian neonatal subjects.
• Impaired HDL function may conceivably contribute to South Asians' excess CVD risk.
>South Asians have an exceptionally high risk of developing cardiovascular disease compared to white Caucasians. A contributing factor might be dysfunction of high density lipoprotein (HDL). We aimed to compare HDL function in different age groups of both ethnicities.
Conclusion >Impaired HDL functionality in South Asians may be a contributing factor to their high CVD risk.
>The evidence is consistent that the content and distribution of body fat are markedly different between the various ethnic groups. We found that Asians have a greater predisposition towards adiposity at higher BMI than in Caucasians. Moreover, at any given level of adiposity, Asians have a much greater predisposition to risk of cardiometabolic disorders than Caucasians.
Conclusion >The results showed that aorto-iliac anatomy in Caucasians differs significantly from Asians, particularly in the length of the common iliac arteries and infrarenal abdominal aorta, and in the transverse diameter of the common, external iliac, and common femoral arteries. Therefore, the exact criteria for stent graft design are dependent on the racial origin of the patient.
sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1078143915004019 archive.is/0ojt0 >Differences in the aggressiveness of prostate cancer among Korean, Caucasian, and African American men: A retrospective cohort study of radical prostatectomy >Overall, high-grade PCa (Gleason score≥8) was more common in Korean (19.4%) than in AA (6.1%) or Caucasian (5.5%) patients (PCompared to Caucasian group, Asian group had smaller annulus area (406.3 ± 69.8 vs 430.0 ± 76.8 mm2; p = 0.007) and left coronary cusp diameter (30.2 ± 3.2 vs 31.1 ± 3.4 mm; p = 0.02) and lower height of left coronary artery ostia (12.0 ± 2.5 vs 13.4 ± 3.4 mm; p
>Studies reported that for the same BMI, Asians have a higher body fat percentage, a prominent abdominal obesity, a higher intramyocellular lipid and/or a higher liver fat content compared to Caucasians.
sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0376871611004480 archive.is/dU89V >Ethnic-specific meta-analyses of association between the OPRM1 A118G polymorphism and alcohol dependence among Asians and Caucasians Conclusions >The OPRM1 A118G polymorphism may contribute to the susceptibility of alcohol dependence in Asians but not in Caucasians.
sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022347611011590 >E-Selectin is Elevated in Cord Blood of South Asian Neonates Compared with Caucasian Neonates Results >Plasma E-selectin levels were significantly higher in South Asian neonates (46.7 versus 33.5 ng/mL, P < .001), and levels of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 did not differ. Furthermore, South Asian neonates had hyperinsulinemia (P = .043), dyslipidemia (with significantly higher triglyceride and lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels), and higher C-reactive protein levels (75.7 versus 43.8 ng/mL, P = .009).
sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1078588416001714 archive.is/kU3aq >The aneurysm neck tended to be shorter and narrower with a smaller infra-renal angle in Asian compared with Caucasian patients. The Asian patients also principally had shorter and narrower common iliac arteries (CIA), and narrower external iliac and common femoral arteries. >Asian populations on the whole tend to have shorter CIA compared with Caucasian patients, which can result in an inadequate distal seal.
sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/03/070302171422.htm archive.is/hikka >Hispanic women's heart disease risk is comparable to the heart disease risk level of Caucasian women who are about a decade older. >Hispanic women's heart disease risk is comparable to the heart disease risk level of Caucasian women who are about a decade older.
sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0026049503004566 archive.is/C5vec >Differences in β-adrenergic receptor densities in omental and subcutaneous adipose tissue from obese African American and Caucasian women >African American women lose less weight and at a slower rate than Caucasian women under the same weight loss conditions. This is likely due to decreased mobilization of fat, possibly involving differences in the responsiveness of adipose tissue to adrenergic stimulation.
sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/02/070209074144.htm archive.is/OwLWY >African-American women are three times more likely to deliver babies three to 17 weeks prematurely than Caucasian women, according to a review of Missouri birth statistics by researchers at Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis. In addition, African-American women are more likely to deliver babies prematurely in subsequent pregnancies.
sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0015028218318144 archive.is/x0FYm >African American patients experience reduced pregnancy, higher pregnancy loss, and lower live birth from IVF embryo transfers despite producing more oocytes and more transfer quality embryos than Caucasian patients
•This difference is smoothened out when DLCO and DLNO are divided by alveolar volume, thus in terms of KCO and KNO.
•Aerobic exercise capacity is lower in Sub-Saharan Africans as compared to age-, sex-, height- and weight-matched European Caucasians.
•Lung capillary blood volume, not membrane component of lung diffusing capacity is correlated to aerobic exercise capacity in sub-Saharan Africans and European Caucasians.
William Martin
Do you also have sources why so many white boys are gay/trans?
I think it's a cultural thing that's described by prof. John Calhoun in his mouse paradise experiment, but I am curious about if there are hormones that explain that behavior.
Conclusion >AAs continue to experience disproportionately high rates of graft loss within the contemporary era of transplant, which are related to a convergence of an array of socioeconomic *and *biologic risk factors.
Jayden Johnson
That's wrong and you're spreading outright misinformation. Give me a moment to correct that error.
Never use "psychological" studies because the field is not science based but "interpretation" based.
John Ross
Fine, if you have sources that say this data is wrong, I will happily change my mind.
>Nonwhites are more likely than white segments of the U.S. population to identify as LGBT. The survey results show that 4.6% of African-Americans identify as LGBT, along with 4.0% of Hispanics and 4.3% of Asians. The disproportionately higher representation of LGBT status among nonwhite population segments corresponds to the slightly below-average 3.2% of white Americans who identified as LGBT.
often times the phrasing is key* so pay attention and don't spread falsehoods. They will use the term "couples" to suggest whites have the highest rates. The reality is that while whites have higher rates of "coupled" gays that is only the case because non white gays have lower monogamy rates, but higher rates of lgbt
Easton James
RACE IS REAL AND THE ABILITY TO RECOGNIZE IT IS BIOLOGICALLY / GENETICALLY ENGRAINED
Abstract >Race is an important perceptual cue for face perception. In adults, other-race faces are elaborated differently and remembered less well than own-race faces. Moreover, they show a different pattern of activation at the neural level. Developmental studies demonstrated that, during the first year of life, infants start to show the same behavioral pattern as adults in race perception. However, little is known about where and how in the brain other-race perception is elaborated in this population. The present study is the first to investigate the development of different neural responses to faces of different race in infants using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). Specifically, a group of 5-month-old and a group of 9-month-old Caucasian infants were assessed during passing-viewing of Caucasian and African faces. Results showed a greater activation for African than for Caucasian faces for both oxy- and deoxy-hemoglobin. Moreover, results suggested a tendency for a progressive specialization between 5 and 9 months of age. This is the first fNIRS study investigating the neural correlates of race perception in Caucasian infants during the first year of life.
sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0304394017308698 archive.is/ozbVV >Other race effect on amygdala response during affective facial processing in major depression Conclusions >Increased amygdala responses associated with the other race effect were evident in both individuals with major depression and in healthy participants. Increased amygdala responses with the other race effect is a potential confound of the neural correlates of facial processing in healthy participants and in mental health disorders.
Justin Long
sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0304394004010493 archive.is/XMubl >The tau H2 haplotype is almost exclusively Caucasian in origin >This analysis shows that the H2 haplotype is probably exclusively Caucasian in origin and its marginal occurrence in other racial groups is likely to reflect admixture.
sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0090825812006981 archive.is/qe4yq >Analysis of common variations in tumor-suppressor genes on chr1p36 among Caucasian women with endometriosis Conclusions >In this Caucasian population, endometriosis seems to be associated with the tumor-suppressor gene CHD5. Our findings support recent data, suggesting that the 1p36 region plays an important role in endometrios.
sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1443950611012546 archive.is/S0nZR Conclusions >NT-proBNP levels were higher in Africans than Caucasians, independently of BMI and gender. This difference was partly driven by higher SBP and lower arterial compliance in Africans. NT-proBNP was persistently associated with SBP and PP in Africans, but not in Caucasians. These associations may suggest early vascular changes contributing to cardiac alterations in Africans.
sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/02/130223111515.htm archive.is/Lo1QE >Race linked to childhood food allergies, not environmental allergies Key findings: >20.1 percent of African-American children were sensitized to an food allergen compared to 6.4 percent in Caucasian children. >African-American children were sensitized to at least one food allergen three times more often than Caucasian children. >13.9 percent of African-American children were sensitized to an environmental allergen compared to 11 percent of Caucasian children.
Mason Rodriguez
Thank you for correcting user
Chase Brooks
some philosophical concepts to think through
>To hear a prince's secrets is not a privilege but a burden. Many smash the mirror that reminds them of their ugliness. They cannot stand to see those who saw them.
>Some die because they feel everything, others because they feel nothing. Some are fools because they suffer no regrets, and others because they do.
>Imagination travels faster than sight. Deceit comes in through the ears, but usually leaves through the eyes.
Owen Murphy
Interesting, why is this only happening in Western cultures, do you know if there's any research about that?
I read that study, but I think it's flawed. Dogs can recognize if someone is trustworthy or not, it's not something unique to humans.
I apologize if I was rude. We already deal with a lot of anti white forces who spread negative lies about our men and women daily. Never accept anything negative about your people until you have irrefutable proof of it being authentic. We are in an information war and they have control of most of the access points.
Kayden Cook
(on the baby/recognition data). It's critical because of type of chemical and which region of the brain releases it. Read it again more closely.
The governments are aware of this and are considering literally drugging the native populations in order to force invaders against their natural will.
>Giving people oxytocin alongside positive social pressure increases kindness toward refugees, even in those with a fear of foreigners, new research has found.
THESE DEMONIC TRAITOROUS GOVERNMENTS ARE GOING TO DRUG YOU IN ORDER TO ACCEPT YOUR RAPE AND SLAUGHTER.
WAKE THE FUCK UP ACCEPT YOUR BIOLOGICAL OBLIGATION (survival of your race above any and all nations) LOYALTY TO YOUR PEOPLE *ONLY NEVER ACCEPT THE LEGITIMACY OF PROVEN TRAITOROUS GOVERNMENTS
Aiden Miller
I didn't mean to say that because dogs can do it, that this research is useless.
I meant to say that it's not a unique thing, dogs don't like niggers, I have observed that a lot of times. It's the same reason that you feel uneasy around foreigners aswell, maybe it's a tribal thing.
Non whites prove over and over that they are not trustworthy, check my op for data.
>Interesting, why is this only happening in Western cultures, do you know if there's any research about that? I'm assuming you're referring to LGBT rates? It's likely higher but not reported in non western nations because of social customs. There will always be LGBT if that's what you're also asking clarification about. The extreme practitioners of all outlier groups is being pushed by jews to cause further divisions in society. Most white lgbt would resemble the average white heterosexual couple in "deviant" behavior were they not being amplified by jews.
true but that's only temporary and incredibly impractical. The usage of oxytocin in water supply or vaccines is likely already being done. My local tap water has tested positive for both oxytocin and birth control.
There is push by pharmaceuticals, politicians and doctors to prescribe anti depressants more frequently specifically for this reason (mind control and timidity)
look at the anti depressant use in Scandinavian nations as proof of why they "vote for rapeugees". You are being drugged by your governments
William Myers
So Turks and Eastern Euro criminals are tame compared to shitskin import thirdworlder nogs.
Joseph Flores
you're correct and I agree. I want you to practice differentiation even when there's similarity because it will be used against you.
Yes dogs and humans both recognize different races ..but why*
The structure of the canine and human brain are different and so are the chemical reactions. The human brain has specific chemicals released in a specific area (very different from what happens in the dogs brain).
basically I want you to be ready for when people counter your argument of "dogs recognize races too"
>Hence the individual in grave Bj 581 is the first confirmed female high‐ranking Viking warrior. Finally, we note that both biological sex and mtDNA analyses support the single‐individual origin of the analyzed cranial and postcranial remains (same sex and mt‐haplogroup T)
>The Viking warrior female showed genetic affinity to present‐day inhabitants of the British Islands (England and Scotland), the North Atlantic Islands (Iceland and the Orkneys), Scandinavia (Denmark and Norway) and to lesser extent Eastern Baltic Europe (Lithuania and Latvia)
>Scientists analyzing 7.2 million-year-old fossils uncovered in modern-day Greece and Bulgaria suggest a new hypothesis about the origins of humankind, placing it in the Eastern Mediterranean and not -- as customarily assumed -- in Africa, and earlier than currently accepted. The researchers conclude that Graecopithecus freybergi represents the first pre-humans to exist following the split from the last chimpanzee-human common ancestor.
Adam Thompson
Lucky for you there's an entire media and academic establishment that does just that, but they post anecdotes and single data points instead of broader trends. You act as though everything you read and watch doesn't exist now
Race mixing is UNHEALTHY because it removes necessary and unique genetic material each race acquired through millions of years of evolution.
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1448064/ archive.is/hbpsV >Mixed-race adolescents showed higher risk when compared with single-race adolescents on general health questions, school experience, smoking and drinking, and other risk variables.
Conclusions >Adolescents who self-identify as more than 1 race are at higher health and behavior risks. The findings are compatible with interpreting the elevated risk of mixed race as associated with stress.
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2867623/ archive.is/gyKM6 >The analysis included approximately 1.6 million live births and 1749 stillbirths. In the unadjusted model, compared with two white parents, black/black and black/white couples had a significantly higher risk of fetal death. When all demographic, social, biological, genetic, congenital, and procedural risk factors except gestational age and birth weight were included, the odds ratios (OR) were all still significant. Black/black couples had the highest level of risk (OR 2.11, CI 1.77-2.51), followed by black mother/white father couples (OR 2.01, CI 1.16-3.48), and white mother/black father couples (OR 1.84, CI 1.33-2.54). Virtually all of the higher risk of fetal death was explainable by higher rates of low birth weight and prematurity.
Conclusions >Mixed race black and white couples face higher odds of prematurity and low birth weight, which appear to contribute to the substantially higher demonstrated risk for stillbirth. There are likely additional unmeasured factors that influence birth outcomes for mixed race couples.
>"Our method worked well and overall, there was strong evidence for selection of FOXP2-regulated genes in the Europeans, but not in the Asian, or African populations," says Dr Qasim Ayub, first author from the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute. "The subset of FOXP2-regulated genes that were selected in Europeans play roles in neural cell development, cellular signalling, reproduction and immunity." nature.com/news/neanderthal-dna-affects-ethnic-differences-in-immune-response-1.20854 archive.is/8siqr >DNA acquired from breeding with Neanderthals may explain why people of European descent respond differently to infection than those of African descent, two studies suggest. The findings might also offer insight into why people of African descent are more prone to autoimmune diseases caused by an overactive immune system.
archive.is/85MQd >Their findings also show that while females have lower brain volume, proportionate to their smaller size, they have higher gray matter density than males, which could explain why their cognitive performance is comparable despite having lower brain volume.
>In general, men have approximately 6.5 times the amount of gray matter related to general intelligence than women, and women have nearly 10 times the amount of white matter related to intelligence than men. Gray matter represents information processing centers in the brain, and white matter represents the networking of – or connections between – these processing centers.
>A study of hundreds of years of family trees suggests a man's genes play a role in him having sons or daughters. Men inherit a tendency to have more sons or more daughters from their parents. This means that a man with many brothers is more likely to have sons, while a man with many sisters is more likely to have daughters.
>Gene Expression Differences Between Europeans And Africans Affect Response To Drugs, Infections
>But in the process they saw several other differences. Some, including variation in the immune system's response to microbial invaders, were expected. Previous studies have found that African Americans may be more susceptible than Caucasians to infection by certain bacteria, such as Porphyromonas gingivalis that causes periodontitis.
>Others were unanticipated, including significant differences in expression levels among genes involved in fundamental cellular processes such as ribosomal biogenesis, transfer RNA processing, and Notch-signaling--part of a complex system of communication that governs basic cellular activities and coordinates cell actions.
Austin Richardson
Males are and will always be responsible for the state of their society, both it's successes and failures.
>A father's love contributes as much -- and sometimes more -- to a child's development as does a mother's love. That is one of many findings in a new large-scale analysis of research about the power of parental rejection and acceptance in shaping our personalities as children and into adulthood.
>When it comes to the impact of a father's love versus that of a mother, results from more than 500 studies suggest that while children and adults often experience more or less the same level of acceptance or rejection from each parent, the influence of one parent's rejection -- oftentimes the father's -- can be much greater than the other's. A 13-nation team of psychologists working on the International Father Acceptance Rejection Project has developed at least one explanation for this difference: that children and young adults are likely to pay more attention to whichever parent they perceive to have higher interpersonal power or prestige. So if a child perceives her father as having higher prestige, he may be more influential in her life than the child's mother. Work is ongoing to better understand this potential relationship.
>Moreover, Rohner says, emerging evidence from the past decade of research in psychology and neuroscience is revealing that the same parts of the brain are activated when people feel rejected as are activated when they experience physical pain. "Unlike physical pain, however, people can psychologically re-live the emotional pain of rejection over and over for years," Rohner says.
Landon Moore
bump™
Gavin Diaz
before I leave.. I want to express my gratitude and deep appreciation for all of our beautiful and persevering white women. thank you
· love · loyalty
Luis Cox
If something's not worth doing, it's not worth doing at all. Discuss.
