Not really, it fouls just too much, your gun will gum up in just a handful of shots.
Blackpowder was a choke point essentially, smokeless gunpowder was what made automatics and true machineguns a reality, due to leaving not even a fraction of the fouling in comparison, on top of not being rigidly married to case capacity, blackpowder NEEDS volume for power, while with smokeless you can have a smaller volume powder that produces higher pressures.
To illustrate the last part, you're familiar with the .45-70 (the only Gov't you need), well back in the day, if you wanted to make it more powerful, you really couldn't, not without making a longer cartridge case, so it could hold more blackpowder, such as .45-90, and .45-120, etc.
Enter smokeless powder, and a comparable in power load to the old blackpowder one, is a lot less in volume, so there's plenty of room to add more smokeless powder (however, old .45-70 cases were so called 'balloon-headed-brass', which is how modern .22 rimfire cases are made today, this was fine for blackpowder pressures, but has a very low ceiling for smokeless pressures, so it's only with smokeless powder AND modern brass casings that you can make .45-70 the absolute powerhouse it is today).
Since smokeless requires less volume of powder, you can design a cartridge which doesn't have to have a super long case, but can still deliver a good bullet at good speeds. Especially long cartridges could be a bit tricky to work with for some automatic designs (at least early on in the 20th century), and if your cartridge is easier to work with, it's far easier to make an automatic.
In short, smokeless powder solved not just the critical problems for making automatics, but also a lot of the practical ones.
Attached: .45-60, .45-70, .45-90, and .45-120.jpg (414x500, 22K)